Cyclosporine
FDA approvedCyclosporine is a cyclic 11-amino acid immunosuppressant, originally isolated from a fungus, approved in the 1980s to prevent organ transplant rejection. It is also used for psoriasis, rheumatoid arthritis and, as eye drops, for dry eye disease.
At a glance
- Where it acts
- Immune & defense
- Regulatory status
- FDA approvedApproved by the U.S. FDA for at least one medical use.
Mechanism of Action
Cyclosporine binds cyclophilin inside T cells. The complex inhibits calcineurin, which blocks activation of the transcription factor NFAT and production of interleukin-2, so T cells cannot multiply and drive rejection or inflammation.
Typical Dosage (Research)
Prescription-only medicine. Dosing is set by a physician according to the FDA-approved label and the condition being treated.
Side Effects & Risks
High blood pressure, kidney impairment, tremor, excess hair growth, gum overgrowth and raised cholesterol.
Serious infections and increased risk of lymphoma and skin cancer (boxed warnings). Kidney toxicity. Many drug interactions through CYP3A4, so blood levels must be monitored.
Who Uses Cyclosporine
Kidney, liver and heart transplant recipients; adults with severe psoriasis or rheumatoid arthritis; people with chronic dry eye.